On a Special Class of Primitive Words

When representing DNA molecules as words, it is necessary to take into account the fact that a word u encodes basically the same information as its Watson–Crick complement θ(u), where θ denotes the Watson–Crick complementarity function. Thus, an expression which involves only a word u and its complement can be still considered as a repeating sequence. In this context, we define and investigate the properties of a special class of primitive words, called pseudo-primitive words relative to θ or simply θ-primitive words, which cannot be expressed as such repeating sequences. For instance, we prove the existence of a unique θ-primitive root of a given word, and we give some constraints forcing two distinct words to share their θ-primitive root. Also, we present an extension of the well-known Fine and Wilf theorem, for which we give an optimal bound. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.